The Japanese government and research teams have released a 3D-model video explaining the volcanic formation of South Iwo Jima [1].
The findings highlight the island's strategic importance as Japan seeks to secure critical minerals and find permanent solutions for hazardous waste. Because the island is the nation's easternmost point in the Pacific Ocean, its unique geology offers opportunities for both resource extraction and long-term storage [1, 2].
Researchers from the University of Tokyo and other teams detailed how an undersea volcano created the island millions of years ago [1, 2]. This geological process resulted in the accumulation of abundant rare-earth mud on the surrounding seabed [1]. These deposits were first discovered in 2013 [2].
Rare-earth elements are essential for high-tech manufacturing and green energy technologies. Japan is currently exploring these seabed deposits to reduce its reliance on external suppliers for these critical materials [1]. However, the prospect of mining remains a point of contention among experts. Some reports suggest the mud is a resource that should be extracted, while others argue it is not a viable resource to mine [1, 2].
Beyond mineral wealth, the Japanese government is considering South Iwo Jima as a potential site for high-level nuclear-waste disposal [1]. The island's remote location and specific geological characteristics make it a candidate for the secure storage of radioactive materials [1].
The effort to develop these resources is part of a broader global trend toward resource independence. Mark Smith said in a 2025 Bloomberg report that it will take many years for the West to develop processing capacity to reduce dependence on China.
“South Iwo Jima's surrounding seabed holds large deposits of rare-earth mud.”
The dual focus on rare-earth extraction and nuclear waste disposal transforms South Iwo Jima from a remote outpost into a critical asset for Japan's national security. By leveraging the island's volcanic geology, Japan aims to mitigate the geopolitical risks associated with the rare-earth supply chain while solving the domestic challenge of nuclear waste management.
